Method for Screening for Compounds Selectively Interacting with RAD9

ABSTRACT

Natural and synthetic compounds of Formulae Ia-Ie having a lactone structure, in particular Securolide, have been determined to be effective anti-tumor compounds which target the hrad9 gene and/or protein encoded thereby or complex containing the protein and/or the p53 gene and/or protein. Securolide is cytoselective for mutants of hRad9 based on studies conducted in Rad9 mutant yeast strains. Securolide appears to interact with mutant hRad9 in cancer cells to produce DNA lesions which result in apoptosis. Studies have demonstrated that Securolide is useful for treating proliferation disorders such as melanoma, leukemia, breast cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, colon cancer, esophagus cancer, liver cancer, and lymphatic cancer, and to alleviate pain associated with the cancer. Other compounds effective for the treatment of cancer and optionally pain associated therewith may also be identified using the same assays, for example, by screening for efficacy in assays using Rad9 and/or p53 defective mutant yeasts.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.12/605,896, filed Oct. 26, 2009, which claims the benefit of andpriority to U.S. Ser. No. 61/108,224 “Method for Screening for CompoundsSelectively Interacting with RAD9” by David Terrero, filed on Oct. 24,2008.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is generally in the field of targets foranti-cancer compounds, and methods of screening therefore.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Many compounds are known for the treatment of cancer. Most act viainhibition of DNA replication or cell proliferation, in general, and arenot specific for transformed cells. Although specificity has beenimparted through the use of targeting ligands, and binding to specificreceptors on the tumor cells, in general most anti-tumor compounds areeffective by virtue of killing more of the more rapidly proliferatingtumor cells as compared to the more slowly replicating normal cells.

It would be highly desirable to have more selective compounds, that arecytotoxic to tumor cells but not to normal cells.

It is therefore an object of this invention to provide a method foridentifying compounds that exhibit selective anti-tumor activity.

It is still further an object of this invention to provide a new classof compounds which exhibit anti-tumor activity through the targeting ofthe hRad9 gene in humans.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Natural and synthetic compounds of Formulae Ia-Ie, or metabolitesthereof, having a lactone structure, in particular Securolide, have beendetermined to be highly effective anti-tumor compounds which target thehrad9 gene and/or protein encoded thereby or complex containing theprotein and/or the p53 gene and/or protein encoded thereby. Securolideis cytoselective for mutants of hRad9 based on studies conducted in Rad9mutant yeast strains. Securolide appears to interact with mutant hRad9in cancer cells to produce DNA lesions which result in apoptosis.Studies have demonstrated that Securolide is useful for treatingproliferation disorders such as melanoma, leukemia, breast cancer, lungcancer, ovarian cancer, colon cancer, esophagus cancer, liver cancer,and lymphatic cancer, and to alleviate pain associated with the cancer.Other compounds effective for the treatment of cancer and optionallypain associated therewith may also be identified using the same assaysas were used to demonstrate the mechanism of action of Securolide, forexample, by screening for efficacy in assays using Rad9 defective mutantyeasts.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION DEFINITIONS

“Alkyl”, as used herein, refers to the radical of saturated orunsaturated aliphatic groups, including straight-chain alkyl, alkenyl,or alkynyl groups, branched-chain alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl groups,cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or cycloalkynyl (alicyclic) groups, alkylsubstituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or cycloalkynyl groups, andcycloalkyl substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl groups. Unlessotherwise indicated, a straight chain or branched chain alkyl has 30 orfewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., C1-C30 for straight chain,C3-C30 for branched chain), preferably 20 or fewer, preferably 10 orfewer, more preferably 6 or fewer, most preferably 5 or fewer. If thealkyl is unsaturated, the alkyl chain generally has from 2-30 carbons inthe chain, preferably from 2-20 carbons in the chain, preferably from2-10 carbons in the chain, more preferably from 2-6 carbons, mostpreferably from 2-5 carbons. Likewise, preferred cycloalkyls have from3-20 carbon atoms in their ring structure, preferably from 3-10 carbonsatoms in their ring structure, most preferably 5, 6 or 7 carbons in thering structure. Examples of saturated hydrocarbon radicals include, butare not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl,t-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, cyclohexyl, (cyclohexyl)methyl,cyclopropylmethyl, and homologs and isomers of, for example, n-pentyl,n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl. Examples of unsaturated alkyl groupsinclude, but are not limited to, vinyl, 2-propenyl, crotyl,2-isopentenyl, 2-(butadienyl), 2,4-pentadien yl, 3-(1,4-pentadienyl),ethynyl, 1- and 3-propynyl, and 3-butynyl.

The term “alkyl” includes one or more substitutions at one or morecarbon atoms of the hydrocarbon radical as well as heteroalkyls.Suitable substituents include, but are not limited to, halogens, such asfluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine; hydroxyl; —NR₁R₂, wherein R₁ andR₂ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl, and wherein the nitrogenatom is optionally quaternized; —SR, wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, oraryl; —CN; —NO₂; —COOH; carboxylate; —COR, —COOR, or —CONR₂, wherein Ris hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl; azide, aralkyl, alkoxyl, imino,phosphonate, phosphinate, silyl, ether, sulfonyl, sulfonamido,heterocyclyl, aromatic or heteroaromatic moieties, —CF₃; —CN;—NCOCOCH₂CH₂; —NCOCOCHCH; —NCS; and combinations thereof.

“Aryl”, as used herein, refers to C₅-C₁₀-membered aromatic,heterocyclic, fused aromatic, fused heterocyclic, biaromatic, orbihetereocyclic ring systems. Broadly defined, “aryl”, as used herein,includes 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, and 10-membered single-ring aromatic groupsthat may include from zero to four heteroatoms, for example, benzene,pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, triazole,pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine and pyrimidine, and the like.Those aryl groups having heteroatoms in the ring structure may also bereferred to as “aryl heterocycles” or “heteroaromatics”. The aromaticring can be substituted at one or more ring positions with one or moresubstituents including, but not limited to, halogen, azide, alkyl,aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, amino (orquaternized amino), nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido, phosphonate,phosphinate, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl, ether, alkylthio, sulfonyl,sulfonamido, ketone, aldehyde, ester, heterocyclyl, aromatic orheteroaromatic moieties, —CF₃, —CN; and combinations thereof.

The term “aryl” also includes polycyclic ring systems having two or morecyclic rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoiningrings (i.e., “fused rings”) wherein at least one of the rings isaromatic, e.g., the other cyclic ring or rings can be cycloalkyls,cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls and/or heterocycles. Examples ofheterocyclic rings include, but are not limited to, benzimidazolyl,benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl,benzoxazolinyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl, benztetrazolyl,benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazolinyl, carbazolyl, 4aHcarbazolyl, carbolinyl, chromanyl, chromenyl, cinnolinyl,decahydroquinolinyl, 2H,6H-1,5,2-dithiazinyl, dihydrofuro[2,3b]tetrahydrofuran, furanyl, furazanyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl,imidazolyl, 1H-indazolyl, indolenyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl,3H-indolyl, isatinoyl, isobenzofuranyl, isochromanyl, isoindazolyl,isoindolinyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl,methylenedioxyphenyl, morpholinyl, naphthyridinyl,octahydroisoquinolinyl, oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl,1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, oxazolidinyl,oxazolyl, oxindolyl, pyrimidinyl, phenanthridinyl, phenanthrolinyl,phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxathinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl,piperazinyl, piperidinyl, piperidonyl, 4-piperidonyl, piperonyl,pteridinyl, purinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl,pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridooxazole, pyridoimidazole, pyridothiazole,pyridinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, 2H-pyrrolyl,pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinoxalinyl,quinuclidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl,tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrazolyl, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl,1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl,1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, thianthrenyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, thienothiazolyl,thienooxazolyl, thienoimidazolyl, thiophenyl and xanthenyl. One or moreof the rings can be substituted as defined above for “aryl”.

The terms “alkenyl” and “alkynyl” refer to unsaturated aliphatic groupsanalogous in length and possible substitution to the alkyls describedabove, but that contain at least one double or triple bond respectively.

The term “heteroalkyl”, as used herein, refers to straight or branchedchain, or cyclic carbon-containing radicals, or combinations thereof,containing at least one heteroatom. Suitable heteroatoms include, butare not limited to, O, N, Si, P and S, wherein the nitrogen, phosphorousand sulfur atoms are optionally oxidized, and the nitrogen heteroatom isoptionally quaternized. Heteroalkyls can be substituted as defined abovefor alkyl groups.

“Alkoxy”, “alkylamino”, and “alkylthio” are used to refer to those alkylgroups attached to the remainder of the molecule via an oxygen atom, anamino group, or a sulfur atom, respectively.

“Alkylaryl”, as used herein, refers to an alkyl group substituted withan aryl group (e.g., an aromatic or hetero aromatic group).

“Heterocycle” or “heterocyclic”, as used herein, refers to a cyclicradical attached via a ring carbon or nitrogen of a monocyclic orbicyclic ring containing 3-10 ring atoms, and preferably from 5-6 ringatoms, consisting of carbon and one to four heteroatoms each selectedfrom the group consisting of non-peroxide oxygen, sulfur, and N(Y)wherein Y is absent or is H, O, (C1-10)alkyl, phenyl or benzyl, andoptionally containing 1-3 double bonds and optionally substituted withone or more substituents. Examples of heterocyclic ring include, but arenot limited to, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl,benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoxazolinyl, benzthiazolyl,benztriazolyl, benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl,benzimidazolinyl, carbazolyl, 4aH-carbazolyl, carbolinyl, chromanyl,chromenyl, cinnolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, 2H,6H-1,5,2-dithiazinyl,dihydrofuro[2,3-b]tetrahydrofuran, furanyl, furazanyl, imidazolidinyl,imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, 1H-indazolyl, indolenyl, indolinyl,indolizinyl, indolyl, 3H-indolyl, isatinoyl, isobenzofuranyl,isochromanyl, isoindazolyl, isoindolinyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl,isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, morpholinyl,naphthyridinyl, octahydroisoquinolinyl, oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl,1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, oxazolidinyl,oxazolyl, oxepanyl, oxetanyl, oxindolyl, pyrimidinyl, phenanthridinyl,phenanthrolinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxathinyl,phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, piperidonyl,4-piperidonyl, piperonyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl,pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridooxazole,pyridoimidazole, pyridothiazole, pyridinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl,pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl,quinolinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinuclidinyl,tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydropyranyl,tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrazolyl, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl,1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl,1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, thianthrenyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, thienothiazolyl,thienooxazolyl, thienoimidazolyl, thiophenyl and xanthenyl. Heterocyclicgroups can optionally be substituted with one or more substituents asdefined above for alkyl and aryl.

“Halogen”, as used herein, refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, oriodine.

Mechanism of Action

Cell cycle checkpoints regulate the precise order of cell cycle events,thus ensuring the distribution of complete copies of the genome todaughter cells (Hartwell, L. & Weinert, T., Science 246, 629-634, 1989).Defects in checkpoints lead to genomic instability, a major contributoryfactor in the development of cancer, because cells with faultycheckpoints proceed into mitosis with damaged or incompletely replicatedDNA (Hartwell, L. H. & Kastan, M. B., Science 266, 1821-1828, 1995;Nojima, H. Hum. Cell 10, 221-230, 1997).

Molecular and genetic studies in the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae andSchizosaccharomyces pombe have identified an intricate network of genesrequired for the S-G2/M checkpoint, which ensures cell cycle arrest inresponse to DNA damage and/or incomplete DNA replication (Weinert, T.,Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 8, 185-193, 1998). In fission yeast, a group ofsix nonessential checkpoint rad proteins, Hus1, Rad1, Rad3, Rad9, Rad17,and Rad26, constitute the sensory machinery of fission yeast checkpointcascade (Humphrey, T., Mutat. Res. 451, 211-226, 2000). These proteinsare required for cell cycle arrest in response to the inhibition of DNAsynthesis by compounds such hydroxyurea or DNA damages caused by UV andgamma radiation (Humphrey, T., Mutat. Res. 451, 211-226, 2000). Theseproteins have been highly conserved during evolution, and relatedproteins have been found in many other eukaryotes, including humans(Venclovas, C. & Thelen, M. P. Nucleic Acids Res. 28, 2481-2493, 2000).The human analogs of these checkpoint rad proteins are referred to ashHus1, hRad1, hRad3, hRad9, and hRad17. Rad26 does not have a homolog inhumans.

hRad9 interacts with hRad1 and hHus1 in a stable complex that has beendubbed the 9-1-1- complex (Burtelow et al., J. Biol. Chem., 276,25903-25909, 2001). Structural homology between each member of the 9-1-1complex and the replication processivity factor proliferating cellnuclear antigen (PCNA) has led to the hypothesis that the 9-1-1 complexreplaces replication associated PCNA-dependent functions during DNArepair (Caspari et al., Mol. Cell. Biol., 20, 1254-1262, 2000). DuringDNA replication, the PCNA homotrimer forms a ring-like sliding clampover DNA and acts to increase the processivity of DNA polymerase. The9-1-1/PCNA model is supported by the observation that hRad9, hRad1, andhHus1 each interact with hRad17, which shares extensive homology tosubunits of replication factor C, a protein required for loading PCNA¹onto DNA (Mossi, R, and Hubscher, U., Eur. J. Biochem., 254, 209-216,1998). Further studies have shown that DNA damage induces not onlyhyperphosphorylation of hRad9 and hRad1 but also the association of the9-1-1 complex with chromatin. From this, a model has emerged in whichhRad17-dependent loading of 9-1-1 onto DNA at sites of damage couldcoordinate a multi-faceted checkpoint response (St. Onge et al., J.Biol. Chem., 276, 41898-41905, 2001).

Biomolecular studies in vitro and experimental models suggest that4,5-dihydro-3-methylene-2[3H]furanone, “Securolide” binds tointracellular structures to trigger intrinsic immune regulators thatprevent the growth of aberrant cells. Securolide results in cell deathof Rad9 mutant yeast strains. Based on this data, it is believed thatSecurolide interacts with mutant hRad9 in cancer cells to produce DNAlesions which lead to apoptosis. Bioassays involving mutant strains ofSaccharomyces cereviseae showed cytotoxicity only on the mutant strainsand more specifically to the rad9 gene. This suggests that Securolidehas selective cytotoxicity on unstable genomes. Human clinical trialshave demonstrated that the in vitro assays are predictive of efficacy inthe treatment of cancer and other disease, including patients withbreast and prostate cancer who had failed conventional chemotherapy andradiation therapy.

Damaged DNA in S. cereviseae activates the gene rad9, which is known asa cell cycle repair checkpoint protein, to arrest the cell cycle afterdamage has occurred. Rad9 may also promote pro-apoptosis (cell suicide)and suppress cell division. Bioassays show that Securolide causesinjuries to damaged DNA through rad9. Hrad9 is the homolog of rad9 inhuman tumor cells. Since Securolide is cytotoxic to rad9 mutants inother types of yeasts, it is expected that Securolide targets hrad9 inhumans to destabilize the genomes of malignant cells.

The p53 gene is a tumor suppressor gene, i.e., its activity stops theformation of tumors. If a person inherits only one functional copy ofthe p53 gene from their parents, they are predisposed to cancer andusually develop several independent tumors in a variety of tissues inearly adulthood. This condition is rare, and is known as Li-Fraumenisyndrome. However, mutations in p53 are found in most tumor types, andso contribute to the complex network of molecular events leading totumor formation.

The p53 gene has been mapped to chromosome 17. In the cell, p53 proteinbinds DNA, which in turn stimulates another gene to produce a proteincalled p21 that interacts with a cell division-stimulating protein(cdk2). When p21 is complexed with cdk2 the cell cannot pass through tothe next stage of cell division. Mutant p53 can no longer bind DNA in aneffective way, and as a consequence the p21 protein is not madeavailable to act as the ‘stop signal’ for cell division. Thus cellsdivide uncontrollably, and form tumors.

p53 becomes activated in response to myriad stress types, which includebut is not limited to DNA damage (induced by either UV, IR, or chemicalagents such as hydrogen peroxide), oxidative stress, osmotic shock,ribonucleotide depletion and deregulated oncogene expression. Thisactivation is marked by two major events. Firstly, the half-life of thep53 protein is increased drastically, leading to a quick accumulation ofp53 in stressed cells. Secondly, a conformational change forces p53 totake on an active role as a transcription regulator in these cells. Thecritical event leading to the activation of p53 is the phosphorylationof its N-terminal domain. The N-terminal transcriptional activationdomain contains a large number of phosphorylation sites and can beconsidered as the primary target for protein kinases transducing stresssignals.

The protein kinases that are known to target this transcriptionalactivation domain of p53 can be roughly divided into two groups. A firstgroup of protein kinases belongs to the MAPK family (JNK1-3, ERK1-2, p38MAPK), which is known to respond to several types of stress, such asmembrane damage, oxidative stress, osmotic shock, heat shock, etc. Asecond group of protein kinases (ATR, ATM, CHK1 and CHK2, DNA-PK, CAK)is implicated in the genome integrity checkpoint, a molecular cascadethat detects and responds to several forms of DNA damage caused bygenotoxic stress. Oncogenes also stimulate p53 activation, mediated bythe protein p14ARF.

In unstressed cells, p53 levels are kept low through a continuousdegradation of p53. A protein called Mdm2 (also called HDM2 in humans)binds to p53, preventing its action and transports it from the nucleusto the cytosol. Also Mdm2 acts as ubiquitin ligase and covalentlyattaches ubiquitin to p53 and thus marks p53 for degradation by theproteasome. However, ubiquitylation of p53 is reversible. A ubiqiutinspecific protease, USP7 (or HAUSP), can cleave ubiquitin off p53,thereby protecting it from proteasome-dependent degradation. This is onemeans by which p53 is stabilized in response to oncogenic insults.

Phosphorylation of the N-terminal end of p53 by the above-mentionedprotein kinases disrupts Mdm2-binding. Other proteins, such as Pin1, arethen recruited to p53 and induce a conformational change in p53 whichprevents Mdm2-binding even more. Phosphorylation also allows for bindingof transcriptional coactivators, like p300 or PCAF, which then acetylatethe carboxy-terminal end of p53, exposing the DNA binding domain of p53,allowing it to activate or repress specific genes. Deacetylase enzymes,such as Sirt1 and Sirt7, can deacetylate p53, leading to an inhibitionof apoptosis. Some oncogenes can also stimulate the transcription ofproteins which bind to MDM2 and inhibit its activity.

Assay Systems

The studies of the efficacy of Securolide in inducing selective celldeath in Rad9 and/or p53 mutant yeast cell lines demonstrates thefeasibility of using the cell lines to screen for other compounds thatselectively induce cell death in Rad9 and/or p53 mutant lines ascompared to the wild-type lines, or animal models. Suitable cell linesand animal models are commercially available or can be prepared withroutine effort. For example, the American Type Culture Collection,Manassas, Va. 20108, lists several Rad9 mutant strains of yeast (catalognumbers 90731; 90730; 74154, 4003576, 4023576, and 4033576. A zebrafishcontaining a homologous cloned RAD9 is available from ATCC as catalognumber 10169289. There are also numerous scientific publications onyeast strains that have various defects involving not just RAD9 and/orp53 but other aspects of the complex involving RAD9 and/or p53, whichmay also be used to screen for compounds that induce cell death ascompared to normal cells. Normal cells, especially mammalian cells, canalso be engineered to induce mutations into the hRAD9 and/or p53 gene,for use in assays. The human homolog is listed in the NCBI data base,along with the genes for mice and rats. (LocusID 5883).

Mutations are preferably introduced by site-directed mutagenesis.Site-directed mutagenesis is a molecular biology technique in which amutation is created at a defined site in a DNA molecule. In general,site-directed mutagenesis requires that the wild-type gene sequence beknown. An oligonucleotide with its sequence containing a desiredmutation is chemically synthesized. The oligonucleotide is attached bybase pair hydrogen bonding to the complementary wild-type gene sequence.The synthetic oligonucleotide is used as a primer for the in vitrosynthesis of a new DNA strand that is complementary to the original(template) strand. The DNA synthesis is performed by adding the enzymeDNA polymerase to the DNA template. The newly synthesized strand of DNAhas the primer and the desired mutation incorporated into it. By using apair of primers and the polymerase chain reaction it is possible toamplify the newly created DNA molecule and produce enough copies to makefurther manipulation of the new DNA possible. Typically, the mutated DNAis then inserted into an expression vector by means of restrictionenzymes and DNA ligase. The expression vector is then typically insertedinto a cell where it can be used as a genetic template for the synthesisof a mutated protein. The biological activity of the mutated protein canthen be compared to that of the wild-type protein.

Assays

In a preferred embodiment, the compound to be screened for activity isadded to both normal (i.e., not having a deficiency in a checkpointprotein complex including Rad9 and/or a mutation in the p53 gene) andabnormal cells (i.e., having a mutation or inactivation in one or moreof the proteins, or genes encoding the proteins, in the checkpointprotein complex including Rad9 and/or in p53). Those compounds whichcause cell death in the abnormal cells as compared to the normal cellsare then screened in further assays to assess general cytotoxicity andactivity against specific cell types, such as tumor cells, bacterialcells, and virally infected cells.

Compounds

Suitable compounds which may exhibit anti-tumor activity through theselective targeting of the hRad9 and/or p53 gene in humans include:

wherein

R₁-R₆ taken independently or R₃-R₆ taken together are a hydrogen atom, ahalogen atom, a hydroxyl group, or any other organic groupingscontaining any number of carbon atoms, preferably 1-8 carbon atoms, andoptionally include a heteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogengrouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats. R₁-R₆ may besubstituted or unsubstituted.

R₁-R₆ are selected from alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substitutedalkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, aryl,substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, halo, hydroxyl,alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, phenoxy, substituted phenoxy, aroxy,substituted aroxy, alkylthio, substituted alkylthio, phenylthio,substituted phenylthio, arylthio, substituted arylthio, cyano, isocyano,substituted isocyano, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, carboxyl,substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substitutedamido, sulfonyl, substituted sulfonyl, sulfonic acid, phosphoryl,substituted phosphoryl, phosphonyl, substituted phosphonyl, polyaryl,substituted polyaryl, C1-C20 cyclic, substituted C1-C20 cyclic,heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, aminoacid, peptide, orpolypeptide group;

Z is a heteratom such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear,branched, or cyclic structural formats; and

X is a heteratom such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear,branched, or cyclic structural formats.

In another embodiment, the compound has the following chemicalstructure:

wherein

R₁-R₇ taken independently or R₃-R₆ taken together may be a hydrogenatom, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, or any other organic groupingscontaining any number of carbon atoms, preferably 1-8 carbon atoms, andoptionally include a heteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogengrouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats,representative R₁-R₆ groupings being alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl,substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, phenyl, substitutedphenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl,halo, hydroxyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, phenoxy, substitutedphenoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, alkylthio, substituted alkylthio,phenylthio, substituted phenylthio, arylthio, substituted arylthio,cyano, isocyano, substituted isocyano, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl,carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido,substituted amido, sulfonyl, substituted sulfonyl, sulfonic acid,phosphoryl, substituted phosphoryl, phosphonyl, substituted phosphonyl,polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C1-C20 cyclic, substituted C1-C20cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, aminoacid, peptide, orpolypeptide group;

X is a heteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping inlinear, branched, or cyclic structural formats;

Z is a heteratom such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear,branched, or cyclic structural formats; and

Z′ may a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, or any otherorganic composition containing from 1-8 carbon atoms and optionallyinclude a heteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping inlinear, branched, or cyclic structural formats.

In still another embodiment, the lactones having an alpha-methylenegroup can have the structure as show below:

wherein

R₁-R₉ taken independently or R₅ and R₆ taken together may be a hydrogenatom, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, or any other organic groupingscontaining any number of carbon atoms, preferably 1-8 carbon atoms, andoptionally include a heteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogengrouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats,representative R₁-R₆ groupings being alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl,substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, phenyl, substitutedphenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl,halo, hydroxyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, phenoxy, substitutedphenoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, alkylthio, substituted alkylthio,phenylthio, substituted phenylthio, arylthio, substituted arylthio,cyano, isocyano, substituted isocyano, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl,carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido,substituted amido, sulfonyl, substituted sulfonyl, sulfonic acid,phosphoryl, substituted phosphoryl, phosphonyl, substituted phosphonyl,polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C1-C20 cyclic, substituted C1-C20cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, aminoacid, peptide, orpolypeptide group;

Y₁, Y₂, and Y₃ taken independently or Y₁ and Y₂ taken together may be ahydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, or any other organicgroupings containing any number of carbon atoms, preferably 1-8 carbonatoms, and optionally include a heteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur, ornitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats,representative R₁-R₆ groupings being alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl,substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, phenyl, substitutedphenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl,halo, hydroxyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, phenoxy, substitutedphenoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, alkylthio, substituted alkylthio,phenylthio, substituted phenylthio, arylthio, substituted arylthio,cyano, isocyano, substituted isocyano, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl,carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido,substituted amido, sulfonyl, substituted sulfonyl, sulfonic acid,phosphoryl, substituted phosphoryl, phosphonyl, substituted phosphonyl,polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C1-C20 cyclic, substituted C1-C20cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, aminoacid, peptide, orpolypeptide group;

Z is a heteratom such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear,branched, or cyclic structural formats; and

X is a heteratom such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear,branched, or cyclic structural formats.

In one embodiment, the lactone is a securolide, which is aalpha-methylene-lactone (1) having the structure:

In another embodiment, the ester is methylα-methylene-γ-hydroxy-butanoate (2) as shown in the following structure:

In still another embodiment, the lactone is a bicyclic compound havingthe following structure:

Other suitable compounds may include:

wherein

R₁-R₄ taken independently may be a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, ahydroxyl group, or any other organic groupings containing any number ofcarbon atoms, preferably 1-8 carbon atoms, and optionally include aheteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear,branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative R₁-R₄ groupingsbeing H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, allyl, substituted allyl, alkenyl,substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, phenyl, substitutedphenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl,halo, hydroxyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, alloxy, phenoxy, substitutedphenoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, alkylthio, substituted alkylthio,phenylthio, substituted phenylthio, arylthio, substituted arylthio,cyano, isocyano, substituted isocyano, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl,carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido,substituted amido, sulfonyl, substituted sulfonyl, sulfonic acid,phosphoryl, substituted phosphoryl, phosphonyl, substituted phosphonyl,polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C1-C20 cyclic, substituted C1-C20cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, aminoacid, peptide, orpolypeptide group;

X is a heteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping inlinear, branched, or cyclic structural formats; and

Z is a heteratom such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear,branched, or cyclic structural formats.

In still another embodiment, the lactones having an alpha-methylenegroup can have the structure as show below:

wherein

R₁-R₄ taken independently may be a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, ahydroxyl group, or any other organic groupings containing any number ofcarbon atoms, preferably 1-8 carbon atoms, and optionally include aheteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear,branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative R₁-R₄ groupingsbeing alkyl, allyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, allyl, substitutedallyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, phenyl,substituted phenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substitutedheteroaryl, halo, hydroxyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, alloxy, phenoxy,substituted phenoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, alkylthio, substitutedalkylthio, phenylthio, substituted phenylthio, arylthio, substitutedarylthio, cyano, isocyano, substituted isocyano, carbonyl, substitutedcarbonyl, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino,amido, substituted amido, sulfonyl, substituted sulfonyl, sulfonic acid,phosphoryl, substituted phosphoryl, phosphonyl, substituted phosphonyl,polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C1-C20 cyclic, substituted C1-C20cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, aminoacid, peptide, orpolypeptide group;

Z is a heteratom such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear,branched, or cyclic structural formats; and

X is a heteratom such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear,branched, or cyclic structural formats.

Suitable compounds also include metabolites of the compounds describedabove, stereoisomers of the compounds described above, pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof, and combinations thereof.

Representative lactones are listed in Table I:

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of compounds of formulaIa-Ie may be prepared in a conventional manner by treating a solution orsuspension of the free base with about one chemical equivalent of apharmaceutically acceptable acid. Conventional concentration andrecrystallization techniques can be employed to isolate the salt.

The pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts of compoundscontaining an acid group may be prepared in a conventional manner fromthe acid, e.g. by reaction with about one chemical equivalent of a base.

The present invention will be further understood by reference tofollowing non-limiting examples.

Example 1 Bioassay with Securolide on Saccharomyces Cereviseae

Bioassays on solid mediums were performed with Securolide (LMSV-6) in aconcentration between ten and one hundred micrograms/milliliter on a setof mutant strains of Saccharomyces cereviseae with DNA similar to thatin tumor/cancer cells. Securolide showed marked cytoxic activity only onthe mutant strains, specifically the gene rad9. This indicates thatSecurolide has selective cytotoxicity to cells having unstable genomes.

We claim:
 1. A method for screening for pharmaceutically activecompounds comprising (a) providing cells having one or more mutations inthe cell cycle checkpoint protein complex that includes Rad9, or a geneencoding a protein in the complex, (b) adding a compound to be screenedto the cells, and (c) determining if the compound kills or inducesapoptosis in some or all of the cells, and (d) comparing the resultantdetermination of step (c) to the resultant determination induced by thecompound in normal cells not having the one or more mutations in (a) todetermine if the compound has anti-cancer activity.
 2. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the cells are yeast cells.
 3. The method of claim 1wherein the cells are mammalian cells.
 4. The method of claim 1 whereinthe cells are in an animal.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the cellsare tumor cells.
 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising adding thecompound to normal cells not having a mutation in the cell cyclecheckpoint protein complex including Rad9.
 7. The method of claim 1wherein the cells have a mutation in the Rad9 gene.
 8. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the cells have an inactive or less active Rad9 protein.9. A pharmaceutically acceptable compound identified by the method ofclaim
 1. 10. A method for screening for pharmaceutically activecompounds comprising (a) providing cells having one or more mutations inthe protein p53, or a gene encoding the protein, (b) adding a compoundto be screened to the cells, and (c) determining if the compound killsor induces apoptosis in some or all of the cells.
 11. The method ofclaim 10 wherein the cells are yeast cells.
 12. The method of claim 10wherein the cells are mammalian cells.
 13. The method of claim 10wherein the cells are in an animal.
 14. The method of claim 10 whereinthe cells are tumor cells.
 15. The method of claim 10 further comprisingadding the compound to normal cells not having a mutation in the p53protein.
 16. The method of claim 10 wherein the cells have a mutation inthe p53 gene.
 17. The method of claim 10 wherein the cells have aninactive or less active p53 protein.
 18. A pharmaceutically acceptablecompound identified by the method of claim 10.